Rosa Parks og den danske forbindelse

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Måske havde Folkehøjskolerne allerede udspillet deres rolle. Kongerigets analfabetiske almue var blevet en nation af oplyste, velorganiserede mennesker, der tog ansvar for sig selv, hinanden og landets økonomi. Myles Horton var skuffet, måske han lige så godt kunne rejse hjem til USA igen.

Det gjorde han dog ikke. Han blev i Danmark og fandt, hvad han søgte, lod sig inspirere og rejste så tilbage og grundlagde i 1932 Highlander Folk School i Appalacherne i Tennessee. Her ligger den endnu, og skønt fremtrædende borgerrettighedsforkæmpere som Martin Luther King og Rosa Parks, samt sangskriveren Pete Seeger havde deres gang på stedet, er skolen forholdsvis ukendt. Også i USA fortæller Michelle Yi-Martin, som til daglig underviser i amerikansk historie og litteratur på San Francisco School, som i foråret besøgte Egå Ungdoms-Højskole, man skal til de såkaldte ”renegade writers” for at finde Highlander omtalt som en vigtig del af amerikansk historie.

 

Undervisningen består som oftest af studiekredse, hvor kursisterne sidder i hver deres gyngestol i en kæmpe rundkreds. Foto af Michelle Yi-Martin

Undervisningen består som oftest af studiekredse, hvor kursisterne sidder i hver deres gyngestol i en kæmpe rundkreds. Foto af Michelle Yi-Martin

 

Myles Horton og Highlander Folk School

Jeg kendte ikke til den fascinerende historie om Horton, Highlander, Borgerrettighedsbevægelsen og Grundtvig før Michelle besøgte os i Egå, men nogle af de ældre i Højskolebevægelsen kender den selvfølgelig og Højskolebladet bragte i både 1983 og 1990 artikler om Horton og de danske folkehøjskoler og Ebbe Kløvedal-Reich kunne også berette historien. Nu fortæller jeg den, sådan som vores kursister og jeg fik den overleveret af Michelle.

Myles Horton havde læst marxisme, religion og samfundsforhold og det er primært pga. det første, at hans historie ikke omtales i det amerikanske uddannelses-curriculum – socialisme er som bekendt en form for anti-amerikanisme, det onde selv. Skolen var i mange år overvåget af FBI og Horton selv måtte flere gange ind og ruske tremmer.

Anti Highlander billboard, Martin Luther King Jr. på kommunistskole. Kampagne mod Highlander folk School 1965. Foto fra Highlandercenter.org

Anti Highlander billboard, Martin Luther King Jr. på kommunistskole. Kampagne mod Highlander folk School 1965. Foto fra Highlandercenter.org

I 1930 i Chicago møder Horton et par mænd med danske aner, Enok Mortensen og Åge Møller, der beretter om de danske folkehøjskoler. Horton vil have syn for sagn og rejser i 1931-32 til Danmark. Som nævnt er han i første omgang skuffet, men han lærer sig dansk, bliver bekendt med Grundtvigs tanker og finder efterhånden det, han var rejst ud efter på den Internationale Højskole og på Arbejderhøjskolen i Esbjerg.

Han rejser tilbage og grundlægger sammen med en anden bjergboer Highlander Folk School med det sigte at organisere mine- og skovarbejdere i Appalacherne. Han forklarede meget præcist, hvad det var ved Højskolens ”pædagogiske” tilgang til oplysning, der havde inspireret ham: ”Vi ville ikke selv oprette fagforeningerne. Vi ville oplyse folk, så de selv kunne finde ud af det. Ligesom folkehøjskolerne i Danmark ikke lærte folk at oprette andelsselskaber, men fik dem til at vågne op, gav dem idealer, lærte dem at tænke selv. På samme måde ville vi vække folk til forståelse af egne muligheder og evner – baseret på respekt for folk med de evner, de har”, forklarede han Jakob Krøgholt i 1983.

Michelle er i Danmark af samme grunde som Horton den gang var, selvom hun er fra den progressive San Francisco School, fornemmer hun, som mange af os herhjemme, konkurrencestatens snærende bånd og ønsker at opleve stemningen, samværet og ånden på en dansk folkehøjskole for at finde ud af, om undervisningen kan tilrettelægges anderledes og – måske – med større respekt for de evner, boglige eller ej, den enkelte elev er i besiddelse af.

Michelle med, Augusta og William, et par elever fra Egå Ungdoms-Højskole.

Michelle med, Augusta og William, et par elever fra Egå Ungdoms-Højskole.

Raceadskillelse og borgerrettigheder

Dengang var det forbudt for hvide og sorte at være sammen. Men de var det alligevel på Highlander. Og det er vigtigt, forklarer Michelle, de sorte kom der og de lærte at organisere sig. At det var forbudt for sorte og hvide at være sammen er selvfølgelig et understatement: Det kulturelle klima var ekstremt fjendtligt. Ku Klux Klan marcherede skamløst på Capitol Hill, små lyshårede piger demonstrerede for segregerede skoler, mens Ruby Nell Bridges på første skoledag måtte eskorteres af fire US Marshalls på grund af sin hudfarve.

Rosa Parks var ikke bare en undertrykt sort kvinde, der en dag fik nok og ikke ville flytte sig for en hvid mand i bussen. Hun var en sort, undertrykt kvinde, men organiseret og fordi hun var det, var det muligt at skaffe den fornødne opmærksomhed omkring hendes arrestation. Den efterfølgende busboykot i Alabama og de store marcher med Martin Luther King i spidsen, samt talrige andre demonstrationer og aktiviteter, skabte det pres, der efterhånden fik politikerne til at give efter og tildele de sorte borgerrettigheder – og det arbejde fortsætter.

Michelle understreger kraftigt organisationselementet. 9 måneder før Rosa Parks nægtede at rejse sig for en hvid person i Montgomery, Alabama ca. 600 km syd for Highlander blev Claudette Colvin arresteret for nøjagtig det samme – og før hende havde flere andre vist samme form for civil ulydighed – og skønt hun var uddannet og oplyst og medlem af The National Association for the Advancement of Corlored People (NAACP) fik hendes aktion ikke samme gennemslagskraft, som Rosa Parks gjorde. Neville Brothers skrev senere sangen Sister Rosa til Parks og hyldede hende for at have tændt gnisten. Fra Highlander fik man også organiseret læseundervisning til de sorte, så de kunne klare den sprogtest, der dengang var nødvendig for at opnå stemmeret og mestendels var skabt for at afholde de sorte, som ofte var analfabeter, fra at stemme.

I 1968 blev enhver form for segregering ophævet og kendt forfatningsstridige, men som den seneste tids race-uroligheder i Ferguson, St. Louis, Missouri og den institutionaliserede forfølgelse af afro-amerikanere viser at der stadig er langt til ligebehandling, og at forfatninger og lovgivning ikke er tilstrækkelige midler til at nå dertil.

Kilder udover diverse links i teksten:

Michelle Yi-Martin, San Francisco School,

“Fra Grundtvig til Tennesses bjerge. Jørgen Steen Madsen. Højskolebladet 1990
“USA – mennesker og meninger (7), Highlander og Myles Horton.” Jakob Krøgholt, Højskolebladet 1983.

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224 tanker om "Rosa Parks og den danske forbindelse"

  1. – vi synger for lidt ! En særlig side af Highlander Folk School må ikke glemmes – nemlig Myles Hortons femte hovedpunkt for hans højskole: Fællessangen skal have en særlig plads i dagligdagen. Derfor blev den første lærer, som han ansat på Highlander en ung musik- og sangpædagog Zilphia Johnson (1910 – 1956). Få år senere blev hun gift med Myles Horton og lærte de arbejdsløse elever at lave tekster og synge om fremtiden – ofte til melodier, som de kendte fra negrospirituals. Sammen med kvindelige tobaksplukkere skabte de den første tekst til "We will overcome". I slutningen af 1950'erne kom Rosa Parks og Martin Luther King ofte på skolen. Og da Peter Seeger kom på besøg, ændrede han "will" til "shall" og gjorde sangen kendt som et vigtigt led i borgerrettighedsbevægelsens sitt-down-aktioner i 60'erne. Myndigheder havde svært ved at gå imod en demonstration, der sad og sang fællessange. Bedst kendt er nok begivenheden, da den 22-årige Joan Baez 28. august 1963 sang sangen sammen med en kvart million sorte og hvide, der gik hånd i hånd frem mod Capitol Hill i Washington. Men da var ophavskvinden, højskolelærer Zilphia Horton død seks år tidligere. Synger vi også for lidt i dag ?

    Læs også Navnkundige i Højskolebladet nr. 1 2013. Lars Thorkild Bjørn Højskolehistorisk Forening

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